Addiction Psychology - 4561 Words

ADDICTION REVISION Biological Models of Addiction MODEL ONE: GENETICS McGue (1999) found that genes contribute to the development of alcohol dependence, with heritability estimates from 50-60% for both men and women. Noble et al (1991) found that the A1 variant of the DRD2 (Dopamine Receptor) was present in more than 2/3 of deceased alcoholics. Those with the A1 variant appear to have fewer dopamine receptors; they then turn to drugs and alcohol to increase their dopamine levels – compensating for the deficiency. |Evaluation of Genetics | |Strengths†¦show more content†¦Relapse – Parrott (1998) also claims that a cigarette has an ongoing (chronic) effect, which increases the individuals stress levels. Their desire to ‘solve’ the problem causes relapse. |Evaluation of The Self-Medication Model | |Strengths |Limitations | |Gottdiener et al (2008) carried out a meta-analysis of ten studies and found |This model cannot explain why individuals without any major psychological | |participants with substance abuse disorders showed significant failure in ego|problems have substance abuse disorders – as there is nothing to ‘cure’. | |control (the ability to resist using drugs as a medicine); compared to a |Synoptic; Cause or consequence. | |control group. | | |Synoptic; Reliable and valid research – through the meta-analysis (above). | | MODEL TWO: EXPECTANCY THEORYShow MoreRelatedPsychology of Adolescent Addiction Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesThere are various forms of addictions that teenagers and adolescents indulge in. Various researchers have devices concepts, theoretical frameworks and models to try to identify the cause of addiction among young people. 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Fecal Transplants The Future Medical Medicine - 1301 Words

ENG 201, Assignment 2, Draft 2 Brandt Christopherson October 13, 2014 Fecal Transplants: The Future in Medical Treatments Infectious bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics, more today than ever before. Antibiotics also kill off many of the good bacteria in our gut, and can complicating health problems. Disease often comes back in those that are elderly or have a suppressed immune system. And treatment with antibiotics can take weeks to be effective. Doctors fear antibiotics will become obsolete as an effective cure for disease within decades (Bakken). What if there was a far easier, safer, quicker, and inexpensive treatment is available? Fecal transplants are that answer. Organ transplants have been successful ways of saving lives in modern society, today a whole new type of transplants are beginning and will change the way we look at medicine – fecal transplants. Fecal transplants, technically Fecal Microbiota Transplants (FMT), as defined by the Fecal Transplant Foundation, is a procedure in which fecal matter is collected from a test donor and placed in a patient by colonoscopy, or enema replacing the bad bacteria with a batch of good bacteria and jump-start a patient’s gut back to good health. Since bacteria have been discovered, we have been developing antibiotics to kill them. The study of beneficial bacteria however, has only taken shape over the past few years (Lim). Right now, inside your gut there are over 100 trillion bacteria and microorganisms thatShow MoreRelatedEnvironments That Support Healthy Choices Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagesoption. A medical advisor should always be notified when decisions are being made regarding different approaches to losing weight. Over the last decade, scientific interest in our gut bacteria, our feces, which are roughly 40% microbe has expanded, and there’s evidence the bacteria populations that exist within us play an important role in both our physical and psychological well–being (Fortune). Research is very recent but there was a case documented of a woman who received a fecal transplant from herRead MorePathogram: Chronic Respiratory Failure Essays7624 Words   |  31 Pages Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 340: Critical Care |Assessment |Medical/Nursing Diagnoses |Treatment | |Brief review of the patient |Medical Diagnoses: |Therapeutic Modalities

The role of Information Systems in managing operations Marriott International Inc. Essay Example For Students

The role of Information Systems in managing operations: Marriott International Inc. Essay The function of Information Systems in pull offing operations: Marriott International Inc. Executive sum-up Marriott International is a planetary cordial reception operator, with belongingss in the US and 60 nine other states and districts. Its operations include the franchising operation Marriott Lodging, which operates or franchises about 3,000 hotels and resorts under trade names such as JW Marriott Hotels, Renaissance and Courtyard. In entire, Marriott operates hotels under 14 different trade names, with four trade names in full-service housing, three in select-service housing, three in extended-stay housing and four in timeshare. This extended adjustment portfolio is combined with a man-made fuel production installation, which Marriott operates as a joint venture. ( Global Market Information Database, 2005 ) Given the broad size and range of Marriott’s operations around the Earth, information systems are critical to the smooth running of Marriott’s hotel operations, therefore this piece will analyze how they have fit into such a diverse portfolio. Contentss Introduction Procedure / Research Findingss / Analysis Decisions and recommendations Mentions Introduction Many concern administrations in today s information age have holistic, wide positions of concern operations, and orient them to suit the different types of single concern units or operations within their portfolio. In the past, companies were comparatively self-contained and information direction was straightforward, but the diverse concern demands of the modern environment, including scheme preparation, procedure definition, merchandise portfolio definition and building, capital equipment ownership, engineering, substructure and operations can no longer be kept on such a tight rein as many companies held them a decennary ago. ( Olson, 2005 ) The manner enterprises manage their operations has been changed, in cardinal ways, by the information age, and these new attacks are applied by corporations to strategically pull off operations and diverse portfolios with virtually every new enterprise, whether it is internal transmutation, where direct control of hazard factors is really high b ut engineering is new ; with spouses, where direct control over hazard factors is shared ; or with other stakeholders where direct control over hazard factors is frequently really low. As such, it is of import that diverse, transnational operators, such as Marriott International, have solid, manageable information systems in topographic point, to better enable them to pull off their diverse operations and investings. As such, this piece aims to utilize assorted beginnings of secondary research to analyze some of the systems Marriott International uses to pull off its hotel and providing operations information across its planetary hotel retentions. Procedure / Research My primary method of research has been to utilize on-line databases, such as EBSCO host, MINTEL and Euromonitor, to happen relevant articles, both on the usage of information systems in concern operations in general, and more specifically on the usage of information systems within Marriott International’s concern theoretical account. One of the chief, and most good known, uses of information systems by Marriott International is its focal point on engineering enterprises to hike the company s gross revenues. In order to carry through this, the company has implemented a elaborate customer-relationship direction bundle from Siebel Systems Inc. , and engaged in a program to upgrade its cardinal reserves, gross and belongings direction systems, leting clients to see and book suites online. ( Rosen, 2001 ) Another, less good cognize and less obvious country where Marriott International uses information systems is across its many in house catering sections. To assistance with this, the company has completed a rollout of the ChefTec formula direction, nutrient costing and stock list system, a Windows-based platform developed by Culinary Software Services Inc. Marriott International corporate executive chef Peter DAndrea expressed enthusiasm with the new system and discussed the operator s old bill of fare direction procedure. ( Nation s Restaurant News, 1999 ) For illustration, the system means that formulas can be converted automatically from domestic, to metric graduated tables, to imperial sums in the United Kingdom, where Marriott has many belongingss. The operator besides has versions of package in several linguistic communications, including English, Spanish and German, and is working on one in Mandarin Chinese. Marriott besides added its ain glossary of culinary footings, optimal cookery times for off-used nutrients and a year-around planning characteristic, which helps chefs with seasonal bill of fares ; for illustration it informs them that March is the peak month for Asparagus officinales. Denver-based Culinary Software Services besides worked closely with Marriott to cull about 2,500 of its formulas and 500 images and retroflex them onto CD-ROMs, which were be distributed to more than 400 of Marriott s full-service hotels in the United States and abroad. ( Nation s Restaurant News, 1999 ) Taking advantage of ChefTec s nucleus an d advanced characteristics, Marriott International besides will be able to make the followers: form stock lists based on commands from multiple sellers ; hunt for formulas by ingredients, classs and names ; attach exposure and picture files to formulas ; and salvage formulas in the hypertext markup linguistic communication, which will let chefs to administer them over the Internet. William Shakespeare's play, Macbeth, reveals the a EssayAnother monolithic impact of information systems on Marriotts concern is the impact of supplying ‘free-to-guest’ internet entree engineering on the hoteliers’ gross. When this engineering foremost came on the scene, hotelkeepers saw it as an chance for gross coevals, nevertheless as clip progressed, it became a necessity for invitees, every bit good as portion of the scheme to make exceeding value. For case, at Marriott International Inc. s Courtyard and SpringHill Suites trade names, invitees are taking advantage of the high-velocity Internet entree service for more than merely electronic-mail. They are accessing digital music and other types of digital content, and Marriott is presently responsible for the costs of this. ( Shaw, 2005 ) However, as dependable, free to guest internet entree becomes more and more of a demand for invitees, Marriott is being forced to construct these costs into its concern the oretical account, and therefore is able to take a more holistic attack to client information engineering and systems across its concern. This enables Marriott to derive supply concatenation purchase in this country, therefore cut downing the costs of information systems and Internet entree across the group as a whole. Decisions and recommendations By alining the IT scheme with the concern scheme over the past three old ages, Marriott s senior direction has grown to see engineering as an investing instead than an disbursal. The construct of delegating a concern lead and an IT lead to all major undertakings that are technology-enabled starts at the executive degree ( Computerworld, 2001 ) , and executive decision-making meetings, such as Marriott s Business Strategy Review, e-Business Council and Digital Business Strategy, are all cross-functional and co-led. As a consequence, IT better understands and supports Marriott s concern scheme, and concern executives have a much better apprehension of what engineering can and ca nt make. This provides Marriott with a sustainable competitory advantage. CIO Magazine named Marriott International to its Top 100 list for the 5th clip. Marriott is the lone hotel on the list, which recognizes organisations for excellence in information engineering. ( Lodging Hospitality, 2004 ) Marriott’s presence on this list clearly demonstrates the company’s committedness to developing its information systems, and utilizing them to back up its concern. Given that Marriott’s gross grew by 44 % between 1999 and 2004, and net incomes grew by 49 % over the same period ( Global Market Information Database, 2005 ) at the clip of the company’s latest investings in information systems, it is clear from this that information systems are critical to the smooth running of a major transnational hotel operation and, so, this provides grounds that information systems are critical for any major concern operation. Besides, in order to farther growing, Marriott is likely to concentrate strongly on international enlargement, which is importa nt, as Marriott’s portfolio is presently extremely reliant on US hotel gross revenues. As a consequence, Marriott must concentrate on developing the velocity and truth of its information systems to ease this growing, and remain in its current, market leading, place. Mentions Computerworld ( 2001 ) In their ain voices. Vol. 35, Issue 13, p. 42. Global Market Information Database ( 2005 )Marriott International Inc.Euromonitor International. Hamstra, M. ( 1997 )Marriott finds no cookie-cutter solutions for engineering.State s Restaurant News ; Vol. 31, Issue 10, p. 110. Lodging Hospitality. ( 2004 )Tech Bytes.Vol. 60, Issue 13, p. 54. State s Restaurant News ( 1999 )Marriott International s ChefTec makes formula registering a ‘snap’ .Vol. 33, Issue 20, p. 86. Olson, E. G. ( 2005 )Strategically pull offing hazard in the information age: a holistic attack.Journal of Business Strategy ; Vol. 26, Issue 6, p. 45. Rosen, C. ( 2001 )Marriott Uses CRM Application To Hike Gross saless.InformationWeek ; Issue 843, p. 73. Shaw, R. ( 2005 )Free-to-guest services migrate from gross watercourses.Hotel A ; Motel Management ; Vol. 220, Issue 18, p. 26.

Business Law International Concession Superstore

Question: Describe about the Business Law for International Concession Superstore. Answer: Introduction ALDI has been a top international concession superstore chain with approximately 10,000 stores in 18 countries, and have an predictable earnings of more than 50 billion. It has been based in Germany, although the chain was originated by the brothers Kari and Theo Albrecht in 1946 when they took over their mothers store in Essen which had been in existence since 1913. It has been measured as one of the worlds largest personally owned corporations (ALDI, 2016). Being the nations low cost grocery head, the store model was built on generating efficiencies at every level from store building, to allocation, to the particular goods that they stock. Business laws and its applicability on the Organization Business law includes several regulations which have been levied on different business organizations institutions like, agency employment law, contract law, copyright, etc. The Corporation has been a business organization that works in the field of retailing and thus in this situation the major regulations would be based on selling and purchasing of the products that the organization proposes to sell to its consumers. Some of the applicable laws which would be levied on the organization being a supplier were: Consumer Guarantees Act The Consumer guarantees Act grants an individual a privilege if the goods they purchase or were supplied by a trade were defective and do not meet any of the guarantees which were provided under the Act (Consumer Protection, 2016). In addition to these privileges, consumers may also assert for any sensibly predictable additional loss that fallout from the original difficulty (Consumer, 2016). Fair Trading Act The Fair Trading Act encourages precise customer data before the consumer purchases the good and avail the services and product security, amongst other aims. It pertains to all the trades, professions and undertakings (Consumer, 2016). The Act safeguards the consumer against being misleaded or treated in an unreasonable way by the traders or shops and it also restricts the ambiguous and unreliable behavior, unsupported assertion, forged demonstration and some unjust performances. Weights and Measures Act According to the Act the business corporations should not offer less value of the goods to the consumers than what they remunerated for. Doing so would then make the business organization be lawfully liable. Therefore, a consumer has the liberty of having a check on the weight and measurement of the products which have been purchased by them (Government of South Australia, 2016). Due Diligence Due Diligence has been defined as the procedure which grants the consumer with a comprehensive impending into their own attainment aim (Queensland Government, 2016). Also, when an individual purchases an recognized business it would be imperative that the individual i.e. the potential owner of the trade would scrutinize the business in depth. This process would be stated as Due Diligence (William Buck, 2016). The process includes conducting an inquiry into the profitable, monetary and assessment associations of the aim. It centers on the areas which were recognized as being of a chief implication to the consumer. Accomplishing due diligence would be a finest way for an individual to review the worth of a trade and the dangers associated with purchasing it. It grants an individual a privilege to access to the major and secret data about the business, often within a time period mentioned in a letter of objective. Applicability of Other laws There have been various lawful issues in the corporation but the most appropriate ones include the intellectual property laws, Australia business and environment laws and Australian export and import laws. Due Diligence was also appropriate in the business circumstances where there was a purchase and sale of products and dealings involving partnerships, merger and acquisition of cooperate businesses. The corporation should also pursue the Australian laws and regulations in order to function its business in efficient and appropriate manner. Intellectual Property law safeguards the businesses and encourages innovation in order to advance aggressive benefit in the marketplace. It also comprises of the procedures which should be followed for trademark and patents (Aldi, 2016). The patent Act guarantees safeguard and lawful privileges in order to restrict third party to utilize it. Copyright law was intended to safeguard and persuade corporation that endow in their talent and time in creating goods. The prcised laws should be followed by the corporation with some competition regulations which guarantees fair trading for its consumers. Australian Consumer law which provides selling safe products to the consumers. The Corporation should also produce goods as per the laws and regulations in order to control the action of the corporation. Legal issues identified In the previous assignment as already mentioned there were two legal issues which were preferred. The first issue was the act in association with the copyright issues which the corporation endured due to its brand campaign, and the other issue was that the corporation was suspected to have violated its obligation which was associated with partnership (Derose, and Tichy, 2013). ALDI threatened by copyright issues related to brand campaign In 2016, the corporation experienced a huge dispute as it faced disapproval for violating copyright of others. Therefore, the corporation came to an arrest for a period of more than 6 years. As per the inquest which was performed there were very many products of the corporation has same brand spots. The corporation was alleged of violating copyright of the other brands as it hosted a campaign as Like Brands Only Cheaper which was comparable to the brands which were there in Australia. As per the Intellectual Property Law, an ad that has similar depiction of some other brands in terms of sign, plan or protective material would be held as copyright violation. Thus, many regulatory authorities held that the organization was accountable for violating the copyright defense of other brands. The organization was held liable for primarily three products. Such as Reckitt Benckiser stable, Lindt Chocolate, and Banana Boat sun cream. Infringement of Partnership Liability The organization has more than 30 stores in Australia and five centers in NSW, Queensland and Victoria. It was predictable from each store to at least make a proceed of 10 million dollars per year. This does not contain the non food accounting estimate. Though the corporation was known for its brand value, character and conviction, yet the corporation was condemned over the past for extending its partnership liability. Initially, the organization was recorded as a trade corporation which was having constrained liability in partnership. The restriction was imposed on the action of the organization for having 3400 limited partnerships with the Australian Business Number. However, no proper data was obtainable from the corporate regulator. Furthermore, many researchers also saw the partnership structure as unequal. Thus, for this reason there was a high level of likelihood that the Regulatory Authority asked for enlivening the corporate veil of the corporation in order to understand its business procedures in a better way. Conclusion and Recommendations It has been concluded that as the organization has faced frequent lawful proceedings from time to time as per the investigations which were performed at the demand of the governmental institutions. It was seen that the organization had been subject to lawful inquires as and when mandatory. But after these acts which have been established against the organization in the past but now the corporation endeavor to abide by all the ethical standards and regulations that were enclosed in the Australian law for amending the acts and working of the trade. Presently, the corporation aims at humanizing their character by paying off more concentration for abiding the rules that were allied with the functioning of an organization. The organization puts its center on its work which it would do in order to recover their honesty, sustainability, act, liability, and deference. The corporations made various changes and have enhanced its past mistakes which it has done and now puts a centre on diversification and abiding by the ethical rules and standards. It has been recommended that the organization should become more defensive and vigilant about what the corporation should do and should not do, as it has done various errors because of which it faced lawful proceedings. The corporation should abide by the laws which have been prevalent on every organization while it has registered under the Australian Corporation Act 2001. The corporation should comply with all the laws which an organization should conform with and should not indulge in any act which has been outside the applicable laws if the acts. Although, the lawful issues which the corporation faced have opened a way for many opportunities for the corporation, such as the corporations has become proactive in its actions and now would enter into acts keeping in mind the consequence of doing it. It also has made new rule and now follow regulations which it lacked to follow earlier so that it can grow in future. The corporation would now have to start making kits reputation form the start as it has lost its reputation by having a legal action against it by which it would lack in getting and attracting more consumer in future. Although it would reduce the share price in the market but the corporation would keep in mind the past happenings and would not repeat the same in the future. References: Aldi. (2016). ALDI: U.S. Terms of Use. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://www.aldi.us/en/terms-of-use/ ALDI.(2016). About ALDI. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://aldiuscareers.com/about-aldi/ Consumer Protection. (2016). Fair Trading Act. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://www.consumerprotection.govt.nz/consumer-law-and-your-rights/fair-trading-act/ Consumer Protection.(2016). Consumer Guarantees for products. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://www.consumerprotection.govt.nz/consumer-law-and-your-rights/consumer-guarantees-act/consumer-guarantees-for-products/ Consumer. (2016). Consumer Guarantees Act. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/consumer-guarantees-act Consumer. (2016). Fair Trading Act. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/fair-trading-act Derose, C., and Tichy, N. (2013). Why Aldi is giving Walmart A run for its money. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://aldiuscareers.com/docs/aldi-forbes-august-2013.pdf Government of South Australia. (2016). Buying goods by weight or measure. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/citizens-and-your-rights/consumer-rights/weights-measures Queensland Government. (2016). Conducting due diligence. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/starting/business-startup-options/buying-a-business/conducting-due-dilligence William Buck.(2016). Due Diligence. Retrieved on 6th October2016 from: https://www.williambuck.com/Services/Corporate-Advisory/Due-Diligence